Merge pull request #754 from abhijay94/Development

Added Singleton Design pattern implementation in Java and its test

src/main/java/com/designpatterns/singletonpattern/Singleton.java

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+package src.main.java.com.designpatterns.singletonpattern;
+
+/**
+ * The singleton pattern is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to one "single" instance.
+ * This is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across the system. The term comes from the
+ * mathematical concept of a singleton.
+ * <p>
+ * The key idea in this pattern is to make the class itself responsible for controlling its instantiation (only once).
+ * The hidden constructor (declared private) ensures that the class can never be instantiated from outside the class.
+ * The public static operation can be accessed easily by using the class name and function name(Singleton.getInstance())
+ *
+ * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern">Singleton Pattern</a>
+ */
+public class Singleton {
+    private volatile static Singleton instance = null;
+
+    private Singleton() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A singleton implementation may use lazy initialization, where the instance is created when the static method
+     * is first invoked.
+     * <p>
+     * If the static method might be called from multiple threads simultaneously, measures may need
+     * to be taken to prevent race conditions that could result in the creation of multiple instances of the class.
+     * <p>
+     * The following implementation is a thread-safe sample implementation, using lazy initialization with
+     * double-checked locking.
+     *
+     * @return the single instance of the Singleton class
+     */
+    public static Singleton getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            // First attempt to make thread safe
+            synchronized (Singleton.class) {
+                // Double Checked locking as multiple threads can reach the above step
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new Singleton();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+}

src/test/java/com/designpatterns/singletonpattern/SingletonTest.java

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+package src.test.java.com.designpatterns.singletonpattern;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import src.main.java.com.designpatterns.singletonpattern.Singleton;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class SingletonTest {
+    private static volatile ArrayList<Integer> hashCodeList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleton() throws InterruptedException {
+        boolean testFailed = false;
+        ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+        // Creates 15 threads and makes all of them access the Singleton class
+        // Saves the hash code of the object in a static list
+        for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
+            es.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Singleton singletonInstance = Singleton.getInstance();
+                    int singletonInsCode = singletonInstance.hashCode();
+                    hashCodeList.add(singletonInsCode);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    System.out.println("Exception is caught");
+                }
+            });
+        es.shutdown();
+        boolean finished = es.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+        // wait for all threads to finish
+        if (finished) {
+            Integer firstCode = hashCodeList.get(0);
+            for (Integer code : hashCodeList) {
+                if (!firstCode.equals(code)) {
+                    testFailed = true;
+                }
+            }
+            Assert.assertFalse(testFailed);
+        }
+    }
+}