package Maths;

/** @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination">Combination</a> */
public class Combinations {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    assert combinations(1, 1) == 1;
    assert combinations(10, 5) == 252;
    assert combinations(6, 3) == 20;
    assert combinations(20, 5) == 15504;

    // Since, 200 is a big number its factorial will go beyond limits of long even when 200C5 can be saved in a long
    // variable. So below will fail
    // assert combinations(200, 5) == 2535650040l;

    assert combinationsOptimized(100, 0) == 1;
    assert combinationsOptimized(1, 1) == 1;
    assert combinationsOptimized(10, 5) == 252;
    assert combinationsOptimized(6, 3) == 20;
    assert combinationsOptimized(20, 5) == 15504;
    assert combinationsOptimized(200, 5) == 2535650040l;
  }

  /**
   * Calculate of factorial
   *
   * @param n the number
   * @return factorial of given number
   */
  public static long factorial(int n) {
    if (n < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("number is negative");
    }
    return n == 0 || n == 1 ? 1 : n * factorial(n - 1);
  }

  /**
   * Calculate combinations
   *
   * @param n first number
   * @param k second number
   * @return combinations of given {@code n} and {@code k}
   */
  public static long combinations(int n, int k) {
    return factorial(n) / (factorial(k) * factorial(n - k));
  }

  /**
   * The above method can exceed limit of long (overflow) when factorial(n) is larger than limits of long variable.
   * Thus even if nCk is within range of long variable above reason can lead to incorrect result.
   * This is an optimized version of computing combinations.
   * Observations:
   * nC(k + 1) = (n - k) * nCk / (k + 1)
   * We know the value of nCk when k = 1 which is nCk = n
   * Using this base value and above formula we can compute the next term nC(k+1)
   * @param n
   * @param k
   * @return nCk
   */
  public static long combinationsOptimized(int n, int k) {
    if (n < 0 || k < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("n or k can't be negative");
    }
    if (n < k) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("n can't be smaller than k");
    }
    // nC0 is always 1
    long solution = 1;
    for(int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
      long next = (n - i) * solution / (i + 1);
      solution = next;
    }
    return solution;
  }
}