Merge pull request #7 from wangzheng0822/master

合并上游代码

c-cpp/11_sorts/sorts.c

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+struct array {
+	int size;
+	int used;
+	int *arr;
+};
+
+void dump(struct array *array)
+{
+	int idx;
+	
+	for (idx = 0; idx < array->used; idx++)
+		printf("[%02d]: %08d\n", idx, array->arr[idx]);
+}
+
+void alloc(struct array *array)
+{
+	array->arr = (int *)malloc(array->size * sizeof(int));
+}
+
+void bubble_sort(struct array *array)
+{
+	int i, j;
+
+	if (array->used <= 1)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < array->used; i++) {
+		bool has_swap = false;
+		for (j = 0; j < array->used - i - 1; j++) {
+			if (array->arr[j] > array->arr[j+1]) {
+				int tmp;
+				tmp = array->arr[j];
+				array->arr[j] = array->arr[j+1];
+				array->arr[j+1] = tmp;
+				has_swap = true;
+			}
+
+		}
+		if (!has_swap)
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+void bubble_sort_test()
+{
+	int idx;
+	struct array ten_int = {10, 0, NULL};
+
+	alloc(&ten_int);
+	for (idx = 0; idx < 10; idx++)
+		ten_int.arr[idx] = 30 - idx;
+	ten_int.used = 10;
+	dump(&ten_int);
+	bubble_sort(&ten_int);
+	dump(&ten_int);
+}
+
+void insertion_sort(struct array *array)
+{
+	int i, j;
+
+	if (array->used <= 1)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 1; i < array->used; i++) {
+		int val = array->arr[i];
+
+		for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+			if (val < array->arr[j])
+				array->arr[j+1] = array->arr[j]; 
+			else
+				break;
+		}
+		array->arr[j+1] = val;
+	}
+}
+
+void insertion_sort_test()
+{
+	int idx;
+	struct array ten_int = {10, 0, NULL};
+
+	alloc(&ten_int);
+	for (idx = 0; idx < 10; idx++)
+		ten_int.arr[idx] = 30 - idx;
+	ten_int.used = 10;
+	dump(&ten_int);
+	insertion_sort(&ten_int);
+	dump(&ten_int);
+}
+
+void selection_sort(struct array *array)
+{
+	int i, j;
+
+	if (array->used <= 1)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < array->used - 1; i++) {
+		int tmp, idx = i;
+
+		for (j = i + 1; j < array->used; j++)
+			if (array->arr[j] < array->arr[idx])
+				idx = j;
+
+		if (idx == i)
+			continue;
+
+		tmp = array->arr[i];
+		array->arr[i] = array->arr[idx];
+		array->arr[idx] = tmp;
+	}
+}
+
+void selection_sort_test()
+{
+	int idx;
+	struct array ten_int = {10, 0, NULL};
+
+	alloc(&ten_int);
+	for (idx = 0; idx < 10; idx++)
+		ten_int.arr[idx] = 30 - idx;
+	ten_int.used = 10;
+	dump(&ten_int);
+	selection_sort(&ten_int);
+	dump(&ten_int);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	//bubble_sort_test();
+	//selection_sort_test();
+	insertion_sort_test();
+	return 0;
+}

c-cpp/11_sorts/sorts.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// C program for implementation of selection sort 
+#include <stdio.h> 
+
+void swap(int *xp, int *yp) 
+{ 
+	int temp = *xp; 
+	*xp = *yp; 
+	*yp = temp; 
+} 
+
+void selectionSort(int arr[], int n) 
+{ 
+	int i, j, min_idx; 
+
+	// One by one move boundary of unsorted subarray 
+	for (i = 0; i < n-1; i++) 
+	{ 
+		// Find the minimum element in unsorted array 
+		min_idx = i; 
+		for (j = i+1; j < n; j++) 
+		if (arr[j] < arr[min_idx]) 
+			min_idx = j; 
+
+		// Swap the found minimum element with the first element 
+		swap(&arr[min_idx], &arr[i]); 
+	} 
+} 
+
+/* Function to print an array */
+void printArray(int arr[], int size) 
+{ 
+	int i; 
+	for (i=0; i < size; i++) 
+		printf("%d ", arr[i]); 
+	printf("\n"); 
+} 
+
+// Driver program to test above functions 
+int main() 
+{ 
+	int arr[] = {64, 25, 12, 22, 11}; 
+	int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); 
+	selectionSort(arr, n); 
+	printf("Sorted array: \n"); 
+	printArray(arr, n); 
+	return 0; 
+} 

c-cpp/11_sorts/sorts.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/**
+ * Created by Liam Huang (Liam0205) on 2018/10/16.
+ */
+
+#ifndef SORTS_SORTS_HPP_
+#define SORTS_SORTS_HPP_
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <functional>
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type>>
+void bubble_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    if (std::distance(first, last) <= 1) { return; }
+    bool flag = true;
+    for (auto it = first; flag and it != last; ++it) {
+        flag = false;
+        for (auto itt = first; itt != last - std::distance(first, it) - 1; ++itt) {
+            if (comp(*(itt + 1), *itt)) {
+                std::swap(*itt, *(itt + 1));
+                flag = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type>>
+void insertion_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    if (std::distance(first, last) <= 1) { return; }
+    for (auto it = first + 1; it != last; ++it) {
+        const auto target = *it;
+        auto       itt    = it;
+        for (; std::distance(first, itt) > 0 and comp(target, *(itt - 1)); --itt) {
+            *itt = *(itt - 1);
+        }
+        *itt = target;
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type>>
+void selection_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    if (std::distance(first, last) <= 1) { return; }
+    for (auto it = first; it != last - 1; ++it) {
+        auto tag = it;
+        for (auto itt = it + 1; itt != last; ++itt) {
+            if (comp(*itt, *tag)) {
+                tag = itt;
+            }
+        }
+        if (tag != it) {
+            std::swap(*it, *tag);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename FrwdIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<FrwdIt>::value_type>>
+void bubble_down_sort(FrwdIt first, FrwdIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    if (std::distance(first, last) <= 1) { return; }
+    for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
+        for (auto itt = it + 1; itt != last; ++itt) {
+            if (comp(*itt, *it)) {
+                std::swap(*it, *itt);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type>>
+void shell_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    const size_t len = std::distance(first, last);
+    if (len <= 1) { return; }
+    for (size_t step = len / 2; step >= 1; step /= 2) {
+        for (auto it = first + step; it != last; ++it) {
+            auto target = *it;
+            auto itt    = it - step;
+            for (; std::distance(first, itt) >= 0 and comp(target, *itt); itt -= step) {
+                *(itt + step) = *itt;
+            }
+            *(itt + step) = target;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // SORTS_SORTS_HPP_
+

c-cpp/11_sorts/sorts_test.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sorts.hpp"
+
+int main() {
+    const std::vector<int> test_data{1, 2, 3, 0};
+
+    std::vector<int> a(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    bubble_sort(a.begin(), a.end());
+    for (auto i : a) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << '\n';
+
+    std::vector<int> b(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    insertion_sort(b.begin(), b.end());
+    for (auto i : b) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << '\n';
+
+    std::vector<int> c(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    selection_sort(c.begin(), c.end());
+    for (auto i : c) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << '\n';
+
+    std::vector<int> d(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    bubble_down_sort(d.begin(), d.end());
+    for (auto i : d) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << '\n';
+
+    std::vector<int> e(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    shell_sort(e.begin(), e.end());
+    for (auto i : e) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << '\n';
+
+    return 0;
+}

c-cpp/12_sorts/merge_sort.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * Created by Liam Huang (Liam0205) on 2018/10/17.
+ */
+
+#ifndef SORTS_MERGE_SORT_HPP_
+#define SORTS_MERGE_SORT_HPP_
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename InputIt1, typename InputIt2, typename OutputIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt1>::value_type>>
+OutputIt merge(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1,
+               InputIt2 first2, InputIt2 last2,
+               OutputIt d_first,
+               BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    for (; first1 != last1; ++d_first) {
+        if (first2 == last2) {
+            return std::copy(first1, last1, d_first);
+        }
+        if (comp(*first2, *first1)) {
+            *d_first = *first2;
+            ++first2;
+        } else {
+            *d_first = *first1;
+            ++first1;
+        }
+    }
+    return std::copy(first2, last2, d_first);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename FrwdIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<FrwdIt>::value_type>>
+void merge_sort(FrwdIt first, FrwdIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    const auto len = std::distance(first, last);
+    if (len <= 1) { return; }
+    auto cut = first + len / 2;
+    merge_sort(first, cut, comp);
+    merge_sort(cut, last, comp);
+    std::vector<typename std::iterator_traits<FrwdIt>::value_type> tmp;
+    tmp.reserve(len);
+    detail::merge(first, cut, cut, last, std::back_inserter(tmp), comp);
+    std::copy(tmp.begin(), tmp.end(), first);
+}
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename BinaryPred = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type>>
+void inplace_merge_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, BinaryPred comp = BinaryPred()) {
+    const auto len = std::distance(first, last);
+    if (len <= 1) { return; }
+    auto cut = first + len / 2;
+    merge_sort(first, cut, comp);
+    merge_sort(cut, last, comp);
+    std::inplace_merge(first, cut, last, comp);
+}
+
+#endif  // SORTS_MERGE_SORT_HPP_
+

c-cpp/12_sorts/merge_sort_test.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Created by Liam Huang (Liam0205) on 2018/10/17.
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include "merge_sort.hpp"
+
+int main() {
+    const std::vector<int> test_data{0, -1, 3, 190, -500};
+
+    std::vector<int> a{test_data};
+    merge_sort(a.begin(), a.end());
+    for (auto i : a) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    std::vector<int> b{test_data};
+    inplace_merge_sort(b.begin(), b.end());
+    for (auto i : b) {
+        std::cout << i << ' ';
+    }
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

c-cpp/12_sorts/quick_sort.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/**
+ * Created by Liam Huang (Liam0205) on 2018/10/17.
+ */
+
+#ifndef SORTS_QUICK_SORT_HPP_
+#define SORTS_QUICK_SORT_HPP_
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T, typename Compare = std::less<T>>
+const T& median(const T& a, const T& b, const T& c, Compare comp = Compare()) {
+    if (comp(a, b) and comp(b, c) or comp(c, b) and comp(b, a)) {
+        return b;
+    } else if (comp(b, c) and comp(c, a) or comp(a, c) and comp(c, b)) {
+        return c;
+    } else {
+        return a;
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Iter,
+          typename T = typename std::iterator_traits<Iter>::value_type,
+          typename Compare = std::less<T>>
+const T& iter_median(Iter a, Iter b, Iter c, Compare comp = Compare()) {
+    return median(*a, *b, *c, comp);
+}
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename T = typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type,
+          typename Compare = std::less<T>>
+std::pair<BidirIt, BidirIt> inplace_partition(BidirIt first,
+                                              BidirIt last,
+                                             const T& pivot,
+                                           Compare comp = Compare()) {
+    BidirIt last_less, last_greater, first_equal, last_equal;
+    for (last_less = first, last_greater = first, first_equal = last;
+                                         last_greater != first_equal; ) {
+        if (comp(*last_greater, pivot)) {
+            std::iter_swap(last_greater++, last_less++);
+        } else if (comp(pivot, *last_greater)) {
+            ++last_greater;
+        } else {  // pivot == *last_greater
+            std::iter_swap(last_greater, --first_equal);
+        }
+    }
+    const auto cnt = std::distance(first_equal, last);
+    std::swap_ranges(first_equal, last, last_less);
+    first_equal    = last_less;
+    last_equal     = first_equal + cnt;
+    return {first_equal, last_equal};
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename BidirIt,
+          typename T = typename std::iterator_traits<BidirIt>::value_type,
+          typename Compare = std::less<T>>
+void quick_sort(BidirIt first, BidirIt last, Compare comp = Compare()) {
+    for (auto size = std::distance(first, last); size > 1; size = std::distance(first, last)) {
+        const T pivot = detail::iter_median(first, last - 1, first + size / 2, comp);
+        const auto eq = detail::inplace_partition(first, last, pivot, comp);
+        quick_sort(first, eq.first, comp);
+        first = eq.second;  // Liam Huang: economize half of recursive calling.
+    }
+}
+
+#endif  // SORTS_QUICK_SORT_HPP_
+

c-cpp/12_sorts/quick_sort_test.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * Created by Liam Huang (Liam0205) on 2018/10/17.
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "quick_sort.hpp"
+
+void test_quick_sort(std::vector<int> test_data) {
+    quick_sort(test_data.begin(), test_data.end());
+    std::transform(test_data.begin(), test_data.end(),
+            std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "), [](int i){ return i; });
+    std::cout << '\n';
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_quick_sort({-3, -1, 1, -2, -3, 0, -3, 100, 1, 1, -100});
+    test_quick_sort({1, 1, 1});
+    test_quick_sort({1, 0, -1});
+    test_quick_sort({1});
+    return 0;
+}
+

go/11_sorts/Sort.go

@@ -1,54 +1,66 @@
 package _1_sorts
 
-func BubbleSort(a []int) {
-	arrLen := len(a)
-	if arrLen <= 1 {
+/*
+冒泡排序、插入排序、选择排序
+ */
+
+//冒泡排序，a是数组，n表示数组大小
+func BubbleSort(a []int, n int) {
+	if n <= 1 {
 		return
 	}
-	for i := arrLen - 1; i > 0; i-- {
-		for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		// 提前退出标志
+		flag := false
+		for j := 0; j < n-i-1; j++ {
 			if a[j] > a[j+1] {
-				tmp := a[j+1]
-				a[j+1] = a[j]
-				a[j] = tmp
+				a[j], a[j+1] = a[j+1], a[j]
+				//此次冒泡有数据交换
+				flag = true
 			}
 		}
+		// 如果没有交换数据，提前退出
+		if !flag {
+			break
+		}
 	}
 }
 
-func InsertSort(a []int) {
-	arrLen := len(a)
-	if arrLen <= 1 {
+// 插入排序，a表示数组，n表示数组大小
+func InsertionSort(a []int, n int) {
+	if n <= 1 {
 		return
 	}
-	for i := 1; i < arrLen; i++ {
-		v := a[i]
+	for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
+		value := a[i]
 		j := i - 1
+		//查找要插入的位置并移动数据
 		for ; j >= 0; j-- {
-			if a[j] > v {
+			if a[j] > value {
 				a[j+1] = a[j]
+			} else {
+				break
 			}
 		}
-		a[j+1] = v
+		a[j+1] = value
 	}
 }
 
-func SelectionSort(a []int) {
-	arrLen := len(a)
-	if arrLen <= 1 {
+// 选择排序，a表示数组，n表示数组大小
+func SelectionSort(a []int, n int) {
+	if n <= 1 {
 		return
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < arrLen; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		// 查找最小值
 		minIndex := i
-		for j := i + 1; j < arrLen; j++ {
+		for j := i + 1; j < n; j++ {
 			if a[j] < a[minIndex] {
 				minIndex = j
 			}
 		}
-		if minIndex != i {
-			tmp := a[minIndex]
-			a[minIndex] = a[i]
-			a[i] = tmp
-		}
+		// 交换
+		a[i], a[minIndex] = a[minIndex],a[i]
+
 	}
 }

go/11_sorts/Sort_test.go

@@ -1,43 +1,27 @@
 package _1_sorts
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 )
 
 func TestBubbleSort(t *testing.T) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	BubbleSort(a)
-	t.Log(a)
+	arr := []int{1,5,9,6,3,7,5,10}
+	fmt.Println("排序前：",arr)
+	BubbleSort(arr,len(arr))
+	fmt.Println("排序后：",arr)
+}
+
+func TestInsertionSort(t *testing.T) {
+	arr := []int{1,5,9,6,3,7,5,10}
+	fmt.Println("排序前：",arr)
+	InsertionSort(arr,len(arr))
+	fmt.Println("排序后：",arr)
 }
 
 func TestSelectionSort(t *testing.T) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	SelectionSort(a)
-	t.Log(a)
-}
-func TestInsertSort(t *testing.T) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	InsertSort(a)
-	t.Log(a)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkBubbleSort(b *testing.B) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		BubbleSort(a)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkSelectionSort(b *testing.B) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		SelectionSort(a)
-	}
-}
-
-func BenchmarkInsertSort(b *testing.B) {
-	a := []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		InsertSort(a)
-	}
+	arr := []int{1,5,9,6,3,7,5,10}
+	fmt.Println("排序前：",arr)
+	SelectionSort(arr,len(arr))
+	fmt.Println("排序后：",arr)
 }

java/05_array/GenericArray.java

@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
  *
  * 1）泛型动态数组
  *
- * Author: shi
+ * Author: shi
  */
 
  public class GenericArray<T> {
      private T[] data;
      private int size;
 
-     // 根据传入容量，构造Array
+     // 根据传入容量，构造Array
      public GenericArray(int capacity) {
          data = (T[]) new Object[capacity];
          size = 0;
      }
 
-     // 无参构造方法，默认数组容量为10
+     // 无参构造方法，默认数组容量为10
      public GenericArray() {
          this(10);
      }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
      // 在 index 位置，插入元素e, 时间复杂度 O(m+n)
      public void add(int index, T e) {
          checkIndex(index);
-         // 如果当前元素个数等于数组容量，则将数组扩容为原来的2倍
+         // 如果当前元素个数等于数组容量，则将数组扩容为原来的2倍
          if (size == data.length) {
              resize(2 * data.length);
          }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
 
      private void checkIndex(int index) {
         if (index < 0 || index > size) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Add failed! Require index >=0 and index <= size.");
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Add failed! Require index >=0 and index <= size.");
         }
      }
  }

java/11_sorts/Sorts.java

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ public class Sorts {
         }
       }
 
+      if (minIndex == i)
+        continue;
+
       // 交换
       int tmp = a[i];
       a[i] = a[minIndex];

java/14_sorts/CountingSort.java

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package sorts;
+
+/**
+ * 计数排序
+ *
+ * Author: ZHENG
+ */
+public class CountingSort {
+
+  // 计数排序，a是数组，n是数组大小。假设数组中存储的都是非负整数。
+  public static void countingSort(int[] a, int n) {
+    if (n <= 1) return;
+
+    // 查找数组中数据的范围
+    int max = a[0];
+    for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
+      if (max < a[i]) {
+        max = a[i];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // 申请一个计数数组c，下标大小[0,max]
+    int[] c = new int[max + 1];
+    for (int i = 0; i < max + 1; ++i) {
+      c[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    // 计算每个元素的个数，放入c中
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      c[a[i]]++;
+    }
+
+    // 依次累加
+    for (int i = 1; i < max + 1; ++i) {
+      c[i] = c[i-1] + c[i];
+    }
+
+    // 临时数组r，存储排序之后的结果
+    int[] r = new int[n];
+    // 计算排序的关键步骤了，有点难理解
+    for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      int index = c[a[i]]-1;
+      r[index] = a[i];
+      c[a[i]]--;
+    }
+
+    // 将结果拷贝会a数组
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      a[i] = r[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+}

javascript/05_array/Array.md

@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ Point 2: 2, 4
 Point 3: 8, 1
 Point 4: 2, 9
 
-也可以用之前的 puh() 等操作方法来操作对象数组
+也可以用之前的 push() 等操作方法来操作对象数组
 ```
 var p5 = new Point(11,13);
 point.push(p5);

javascript/11_sorts/sort.js

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * 冒泡，插入，选择排序
+ *
+ * Author: nameczz
+ */
+
+// 冒泡排序
+const bubbleSort = (arr) => {
+    if (arr.length <= 1) return
+    for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
+        let hasChange = false
+        for (let j = 0; j < arr.length - i - 1; j++) {
+            if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {
+                const temp = arr[j]
+                arr[j] = arr[j + 1]
+                arr[j + 1] = temp
+                hasChange = true
+            }
+        }
+        // 如果false 说明所有元素已经到位
+        if (!hasChange) break
+    }
+    console.log(arr)
+}
+
+// 插入排序
+const insertionSort = (arr) => {
+    if (arr.length <= 1) return
+    for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
+        const temp = arr[i]
+        let j = i - 1
+        // 若arr[i]前有大于arr[i]的值的化，向后移位，腾出空间，直到一个<=arr[i]的值
+        for (j; j >= 0; j--) {
+            if (arr[j] > temp) {
+                arr[j + 1] = arr[j]
+            } else {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+        arr[j + 1] = temp
+    }
+    console.log(arr)
+}
+
+// 选择排序
+const selectionSort = (arr) => {
+    if (arr.length <= 1) return
+    // 需要注意这里的边界, 因为需要在内层进行 i+1后的循环，所以外层需要 数组长度-1
+    for (let i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++) {
+        let minIndex = i
+        for (let j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++) {
+            if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex]) {
+                minIndex = j // 找到整个数组的最小值
+            }
+        }
+        const temp = arr[i]
+        arr[i] = arr[minIndex]
+        arr[minIndex] = temp
+    }
+    console.log(arr)
+}
+
+const test = [4, 5, 6, 3, 2, 1]
+bubbleSort(test)
+const testSort = [4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 1]
+insertionSort(testSort)
+const testSelect = [4, 8, 6, 3, 2, 1, 0, 12]
+selectionSort(testSelect)

javascript/12_sorts/MergeSort.js

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/**
+ * 归并排序
+ *
+ * Author: nameczz
+ */
+
+const mergeArr = (left, right) => {
+    let temp = []
+    let leftIndex = 0
+    let rightIndex = 0
+    // 判断2个数组中元素大小，依次插入数组
+    while (left.length > leftIndex && right.length > rightIndex) {
+        if (left[leftIndex] <= right[rightIndex]) {
+            temp.push(left[leftIndex])
+            leftIndex++
+        } else {
+            temp.push(right[rightIndex])
+            rightIndex++
+        }
+    }
+    // 合并 多余数组
+    return temp.concat(left.slice(leftIndex)).concat(right.slice(rightIndex))
+}
+
+const mergeSort = (arr) => {
+    // 当任意数组分解到只有一个时返回。
+    if (arr.length <= 1) return arr
+    const middle = Math.floor(arr.length / 2) // 找到中间值
+    const left = arr.slice(0, middle) // 分割数组
+    const right = arr.slice(middle)
+    // 递归 分解 合并
+    return mergeArr(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right))
+}
+
+const testArr = []
+let i = 0
+while (i < 100) {
+    testArr.push(Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000))
+    i++
+}
+
+const res = mergeSort(testArr)
+console.log(res)

javascript/12_sorts/QuickSort.js

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * 快速排序
+ *
+ * Author: nameczz
+ */
+
+const swap = (arr, i, j) => {
+    const temp = arr[i]
+    arr[i] = arr[j]
+    arr[j] = temp
+}
+
+// 获取 pivot 交换完后的index
+const partition = (arr, pivot, left, right) => {
+    const pivotVal = arr[pivot]
+    let startIndex = left
+    for (let i = left; i < right; i++) {
+        if (arr[i] < pivotVal) {
+            swap(arr, i, startIndex)
+            startIndex++
+        }
+    }
+    swap(arr, startIndex, pivot)
+    return startIndex
+}
+
+const quickSort = (arr, left, right) => {
+    if (left < right) {
+        let pivot = right
+        let partitionIndex = partition(arr, pivot, left, right)
+        quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex - 1 < left ? left : partitionIndex - 1)
+        quickSort(arr, partitionIndex + 1 > right ? right : partitionIndex + 1, right)
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+const testArr = []
+let i = 0
+while (i < 10) {
+    testArr.push(Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000))
+    i++
+}
+console.log('unsort', testArr)
+quickSort(testArr, 0, testArr.length - 1);
+console.log('sort', testArr)

notes/11_sorts/readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# 排序（上）
+
+| 排序算法 | 时间复杂度 | 是否基于比较 |
+|---------|----|----|
+| 冒泡、插入、选择 | $O(n^2)$ | [y] |
+| 快排、归并 | $O(n\log n)$ | [y] |
+| 桶、基数、计数 | $O(n) | [x] |
+
+开篇问题：插入排序和冒泡排序的时间复杂度相同，都是 $O(n^2)$，在实际软件开发中，为什么我们更倾向于使用插入排序而不是冒泡排序？
+
+## 如何分析「排序算法」？
+
+### 算法执行效率
+
+1. 最好、最坏、平均情况的时间复杂度
+2. 时间复杂度的系数、低阶、常数——在渐进复杂度相同的情况下，需要比较系数、低阶和常数
+3. 比较和交换（移动）的次数——基于比较的排序算法的两种基本操作
+
+### 算法的内存消耗
+
+是否为原地排序算法（In-place sort algorithm），即算法的空间复杂度是否为 $O(1)$。
+
+### 排序的稳定性
+
+经过排序算法处理后，值相同的元素，在原序列和排序后序列中的相对位置保持不变，则称该排序算法是稳定的。
+
+> 待排序的 `item` 并不是简单的值，而是一个基于对象中的某个 `key` 进行排序时，排序的稳定性就有意义了。
+
+## 冒泡排序
+
+* 每次循环都从序列起始位置开始
+* 循环中的每个动作，都对比相邻两个元素的大小是否满足偏序要求，若不满足，则交换顺序
+
+![冒泡排序例图](https://static001.geekbang.org/resource/image/88/34/8890cbf63ea80455ce82490a23361134.jpg)
+
+分析：
+
+* 原地排序
+* 稳定排序（偏序关系是严格的偏序关系，如 `<` 或 `>`）
+* 时间复杂度
+  * 最好 $O(n)$
+  * 最坏 $O(n^2)$
+  * 平均 $O(n^2)$
+
+### 冒泡排序的平均时间复杂度非严格分析
+
+* 有序度：序列中满足偏序关系的两两组合的元素对的个数
+* 满有序度：排序完成的序列的有序度，它等于 $n(n - 1) / 2$
+* 逆序度：序列中不满足偏序关系的亮亮组合的元素对的个数
+
+显然，$\text{逆序度} = \text{满有序度} - \text{有序度}$。
+
+在冒泡排序中，每产生一次「交换」操作，$\text{逆序度}--$。于是，平均情况下，需要 $n(n - 1)/4$ 次交换操作，它已经是 $O(n^2)$ 了。因此，尽管比较操作的数量会大于交换操作的数量，但我们依然能说，冒泡排序的平均时间复杂度是 $O(n^2)$。
+
+> 分析过程不严格，但足够说明问题。
+
+## 插入排序
+
+1. 将待排序数列分为已排序区间和未排序区间
+2. 取未排序区间的第一个元素
+3. 遍历已排序区间，按照偏序关系，寻找合适的位置，插入未排序区间的第一个元素
+4. 重复 2 -- 3 直至未排序区间长度为零
+
+![插入排序例图](https://static001.geekbang.org/resource/image/fd/01/fd6582d5e5927173ee35d7cc74d9c401.jpg)
+
+分析：
+
+* 原地排序
+* 稳定排序（值相同的元素，往后插）
+* 时间复杂度
+  * 最好 $O(n)$
+  * 最坏 $O(n^2)$
+  * 平均 $O(n^2)$（乘法法则）
+
+## 选择排序
+
+1. 将待排序数列分为已排序区间和未排序区间
+2. 遍历未排序区间，取未排序区间的最小元素
+3. 交换上述最小元素与未排序区间中的第一个元素的位置
+4. 重复 2 -- 3 直至未排序区间长度为零
+
+![选择排序例图](https://static001.geekbang.org/resource/image/32/1d/32371475a0b08f0db9861d102474181d.jpg)
+
+分析：
+
+* 非原地排序
+* 非稳定排序
+* 时间复杂度
+  * 最好 $O(n^2)$
+  * 最坏 $O(n^2)$
+  * 平均 $O(n^2)$（乘法法则）
+
+## 开篇问题
+
+* 对同一份未排序序列数据，冒泡排序和插入排序所需的交换（移动）次数是一定的，且是相等的
+* 单次数据交换，冒泡排序所需的时间更长（三次赋值操作，插排只需要一次）
+
+另有插入排序的优化版本[希尔排序](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F)。
+
+![小结](https://static001.geekbang.org/resource/image/34/50/348604caaf0a1b1d7fee0512822f0e50.jpg)

python/05_array/myarray.py

@@ -9,35 +9,53 @@ class MyArray:
     """A simple wrapper around List.
     You cannot have -1 in the array.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, capacity: int):
+
         self._data = []
         self._count = 0
         self._capacity = capacity
     
     def __getitem__(self, position: int) -> int:
+
         """Support for subscript.
         Perhaps better than the find() method below.
         """
         return self._data[position]
 
     def find(self, index: int) -> Optional[int]:
+
         if index >= self._count or index <= -self._count: return None
         return self._data[index]
 
     def delete(self, index: int) -> bool:
+        
         if index >= self._count or index <= -self._count: return False
+        
         self._data[index:-1] = self._data[index+1:]
         self._count -= 1
+        # 真正将数据删除并覆盖原来的数据 ，这个需要增加
+        self._data = self._data[0:self._count]
+        print ('delet function',self._data)
         return True
 
     def insert(self, index: int, value: int) -> bool:
-        if index >= self._count or index <= -self._count: return False
+
+        #if index >= self._count or index <= -self._count: return False
         if self._capacity == self._count: return False
-        self._data.insert(index, value)
+        # 如果还有空间，那么插入位置大于当前的元素个数，可以插入最后的位置
+        if index >= self._count:
+            self._data.append(value)
+        # 同上，如果位置小于0 可以插入第０个位置.
+        if index < 0:
+            print (index)
+            self._data.insert(0, value)
+
         self._count += 1
         return True
 
     def insert_to_tail(self, value: int) -> bool:
+
         if self._count == self._capacity: return False
         if self._count == len(self._data):
             self._data.append(value) 
@@ -47,11 +65,13 @@ class MyArray:
         return True
     
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
+
         return " ".join(str(num) for num in self._data[:self._count])
 
     def print_all(self):
+
         for num in self._data[:self._count]:
-            print(f"{num}", end=" ")
+            print("{num}", end=" ")
         print("\n", flush=True)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
@@ -59,7 +79,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     for i in range(6):
         a.insert_to_tail(i)
     
-    a.delete(2)
-    print(a)
-    a.insert_to_tail(7)
+    print('origin',a)
+    a.delete(4)
+    print ('delete ',a)
+
+    a.insert(100,10000)
     print (a)
+

python/06_linkedlist/palindrome.py

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""
+    check a single-linked list whether a palindrome
+"""
+
+import sys
+# 引用当前文件夹下的single_linked_list
+sys.path.append('singly_linked_list')
+from singly_linked_list import SinglyLinkedList
+
+def reverse(head):
+    reverse_head = None
+    while head:
+        next = head._next
+        head._next = reverse_head
+        reverse_head = head
+        head = next
+
+    return reverse_head
+
+def is_palindrome(l):
+    l.print_all()
+    slow = l._head
+    fast = l._head
+    position = 0
+    while fast and fast._next:
+        slow = slow._next
+        fast = fast._next._next
+        position += 1
+
+    reverse_node = reverse(slow)
+    head_node = l._head
+    is_palin = True
+    while (head_node and reverse_node):
+        if (head_node.data == reverse_node.data):
+            head_node = head_node._next
+            reverse_node = reverse_node._next
+        else:
+            is_palin = False
+            break
+
+    return is_palin
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # the result should be False, True, True, True, True
+    test_str_arr = ['ab', 'aa', 'aba', 'abba', 'abcba']
+    for str in test_str_arr:
+        l = SinglyLinkedList()
+        for i in str:
+            l.insert_value_to_head(i)
+
+        print(is_palindrome(l))
+
+
+

python/09_queue/array_queue.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ArrayQueue:
                 return False
             else:
                 for i in range(0, self._tail - self._head):
-                    self._data[i] = self._items[i + self._head]
+                    self._items[i] = self._items[i + self._head]
                 self._tail = self._tail - self._head
                 self._head = 0
         

python/11_sorts/sorts.py

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ from typing import List
 def bubble_sort(a: List[int]):
     if len(a) <= 1: return
     
-    made_swap = False
     for i in range(len(a)):
+        made_swap = False
         for j in range(len(a) - i - 1):
             if a[j] > a[j+1]:
                 a[j], a[j+1] = a[j+1], a[j]

python/12_sorts/merge_sort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""
+    Author: Wenru
+"""
+
+from typing import List
+
+def merge_sort(a: List[int]):
+    _merge_sort_between(a, 0, len(a)-1)
+
+def _merge_sort_between(a: List[int], low: int, high: int):
+    # The indices are inclusive for both low and high.
+    if low >= high: return
+    mid = low + (high - low)//2
+    _merge_sort_between(a, low, mid)
+    _merge_sort_between(a, mid+1, high)
+
+    _merge(a, low, mid, high)
+
+def _merge(a: List[int], low: int, mid: int, high: int):
+    # a[low:mid], a[mid+1, high] are sorted.
+    i, j = low, mid+1
+    tmp = []
+    while i <= mid and j <= high:
+        if a[i] <= a[j]:
+            tmp.append(a[i])
+            i += 1
+        else:
+            tmp.append(a[j])
+            j += 1
+    start = i if i <= mid else j
+    end = mid if i <= mid else high
+    tmp.extend(a[start:end+1])
+    a[low:high+1] = tmp
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    a1 = [3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+    a2 = [2, 2, 2, 2]
+    a3 = [4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a4 = [5, -1, 9, 3, 7, 8, 3, -2, 9]
+    merge_sort(a1)
+    print(a1)
+    merge_sort(a2)
+    print(a2)
+    merge_sort(a3)
+    print(a3)
+    merge_sort(a4)
+    print(a4)

python/12_sorts/quick_sort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""
+    Author: Wenru
+"""
+
+from typing import List
+import random
+
+def quick_sort(a: List[int]):
+    _quick_sort_between(a, 0, len(a)-1)
+
+def _quick_sort_between(a: List[int], low: int, high: int):
+    if low >= high: return
+    # get a random position as the pivot
+    k = random.randint(low, high)
+    a[low], a[k] = a[k], a[low]
+
+    m = _partition(a, low, high)   # a[m] is in final position
+    _quick_sort_between(a, low, m-1)
+    _quick_sort_between(a, m+1, high)
+
+def _partition(a: List[int], low: int, high: int):
+    pivot, j = a[low], low
+    for i in range(low+1, high+1):
+        if a[i] <= pivot:
+            j += 1
+            a[j], a[i] = a[i], a[j]  # swap
+    a[low], a[j] = a[j], a[low]
+    return j
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    a1 = [3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+    a2 = [2, 2, 2, 2]
+    a3 = [4, 3, 2, 1]
+    a4 = [5, -1, 9, 3, 7, 8, 3, -2, 9]
+    quick_sort(a1)
+    print(a1)
+    quick_sort(a2)
+    print(a2)
+    quick_sort(a3)
+    print(a3)
+    quick_sort(a4)
+    print(a4)

python/14_sorts/counting_sort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""
+    计数排序
+
+    Author: Wenru
+"""
+
+from typing import List
+import itertools
+
+def counting_sort(a: List[int]):
+    if len(a) <= 1: return
+    
+    # a中有counts[i]个数不大于i
+    counts = [0] * (max(a) + 1)
+    for num in a:
+        counts[num] += 1
+    counts = list(itertools.accumulate(counts))
+
+    # 临时数组，储存排序之后的结果
+    a_sorted = [0] * len(a)
+    for num in reversed(a):
+        index = counts[num] - 1
+        a_sorted[index] = num
+        counts[num] -= 1
+    
+    a = a_sorted
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    counting_sort(a1)
+    print(a1)
+
+    a2 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
+    counting_sort(a2)
+    print(a2)
+
+    a3 = [4, 5, 0, 9, 3, 3, 1, 9, 8, 7]
+    counting_sort(a3)
+    print(a3)

swift/12_sorts/QuickSort.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+//  QuickSort.swift
+//  algo
+//
+//  Created by Wenru Dong on 2018/10/17.
+//  Copyright © 2018年 Wenru Dong. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+import Foundation
+
+public func quickSort<T: RandomAccessCollection & MutableCollection>(_ a: inout T) where T.Element: Comparable {
+    quickSort(&a, from: a.startIndex, to: a.index(before: a.endIndex))
+}
+
+fileprivate func quickSort<T: RandomAccessCollection & MutableCollection>(_ a: inout T, from low: T.Index, to high: T.Index) where T.Element: Comparable {
+    if low >= high { return }
+    
+    let m = partition(&a, from: low, to: high)
+    quickSort(&a, from: low, to: a.index(before: m))
+    quickSort(&a, from: a.index(after: m), to: high)
+}
+
+fileprivate func partition<T: RandomAccessCollection & MutableCollection>(_ a: inout T, from low: T.Index, to high: T.Index) -> T.Index where T.Element: Comparable {
+    let pivot = a[low]
+    var j = low
+    var i = a.index(after: low)
+    while i <= high {
+        if a[i] < pivot {
+            a.formIndex(after: &j)
+            a.swapAt(i, j)
+        }
+        a.formIndex(after: &i)
+    }
+    a.swapAt(low, j)
+    return j
+}

swift/12_sorts/SortsTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+//  SortsTests.swift
+//  SortsTests
+//
+//  Created by Wenru Dong on 2018/10/14.
+//  Copyright © 2018年 Wenru Dong. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+import XCTest
+
+class SortsTests: XCTestCase {
+    
+    override func setUp() {
+        super.setUp()
+        // Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.
+    }
+    
+    override func tearDown() {
+        // Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.
+        super.tearDown()
+    }
+    
+    func testMergeSort() {
+        var a1 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
+        mergeSort(&a1)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a1, [1, 1, 1, 1])
+        
+        var a2 = [4, 3, 2, 1]
+        mergeSort(&a2)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a2, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        
+        var a3 = [3, 6, 9, 7, 8, -1, 9, 3, -2, 0]
+        mergeSort(&a3)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a3, [-2, -1, 0, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9])
+    }
+    
+    func testQuickSort() {
+        var a1 = [1, 1, 1, 1]
+        quickSort(&a1)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a1, [1, 1, 1, 1])
+        
+        var a2 = [4, 3, 2, 1]
+        quickSort(&a2)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a2, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        
+        var a3 = [3, 6, 9, 7, 8, -1, 9, 3, -2, 0]
+        quickSort(&a3)
+        XCTAssertEqual(a3, [-2, -1, 0, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9])
+    }
+    
+    func testPerformanceExample() {
+        // This is an example of a performance test case.
+        self.measure {
+            // Put the code you want to measure the time of here.
+        }
+    }
+    
+}

swift/12_sorts/mergeSort.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//
+//  sorts.swift
+//  algo
+//
+//  Created by Wenru Dong on 2018/10/14.
+//  Copyright © 2018年 Wenru Dong. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+import Foundation
+
+public func mergeSort<T>(_ a: inout T) where T: RandomAccessCollection, T: MutableCollection, T.Element: Comparable {
+    mergeSort(&a, from: a.startIndex, to: a.index(before: a.endIndex))
+}
+
+fileprivate func mergeSort<T>(_ a: inout T, from low: T.Index, to high: T.Index) where T: RandomAccessCollection, T: MutableCollection, T.Element: Comparable {
+    if low >= high { return }
+    let dist = a.distance(from: low, to: high)
+    let mid = a.index(low, offsetBy: dist/2)
+    mergeSort(&a, from: low, to: mid)
+    mergeSort(&a, from: a.index(mid, offsetBy: 1), to: high)
+    merge(&a, from: low, through: mid, to: high)
+}
+
+fileprivate func merge<T>(_ a: inout T, from low: T.Index, through mid: T.Index, to high: T.Index) where T: RandomAccessCollection, T: MutableCollection, T.Element: Comparable {
+    var i = low
+    var j = a.index(mid, offsetBy: 1)
+    var tmp = Array<T.Element>()
+    tmp.reserveCapacity(a.distance(from: low, to: high) + 1)
+    while i <= mid && j <= high {
+        if a[i] <= a[j] {
+            tmp.append(a[i])
+            a.formIndex(after: &i)
+        } else {
+            tmp.append(a[j])
+            a.formIndex(after: &j)
+        }
+    }
+    
+    var start = i
+    var end = mid
+    if j <= high {
+        start = j
+        end = high
+    }
+    tmp.append(contentsOf: a[start...end])
+    
+    var current = low
+    for element in tmp {
+        a[current] = element
+        a.formIndex(after: &current)
+    }
+}

swift/14_sorts/CountingSort.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+//  CountingSort.swift
+//  algo
+//
+//  Created by Wenru Dong on 2018/10/18.
+//  Copyright © 2018年 Wenru Dong. All rights reserved.
+//
+
+import Foundation
+
+// 假设数组中储存的都是非负整数
+public func countingSort(_ a: inout [Int]) {
+    if a.count <= 1 { return }
+    
+    var counts = Array(repeating: 0, count: a.max()! + 1)
+    for num in a {
+        counts[num] += 1
+    }
+    for i in 1..<counts.count {
+        counts[i] = counts[i-1] + counts[i]
+    }
+    
+    var aSorted = Array(repeating: 0, count: a.count)
+    for num in a.reversed() {
+        let index = counts[num] - 1
+        aSorted[index] = num
+        counts[num] -= 1
+    }
+    
+    for (i, num) in aSorted.enumerated() {
+        a[i] = num
+    }
+}