* blog posts - http://jmoiron.net/blog/go-performance-tales/ - use integer map keys if possible - hard to compete with Go's map implementation; esp. if your data structure has lots of pointer chasing - aes-ni instructions make string hashing much faster - prefer structs to maps if you know the map keys (esp. coming from perl, etc) - channels are useful, but slow; raw atomics can help with performance - cgo has overhead - profile before optimizing - http://slideshare.net/cloudflare/go-profiling-john-graham-cumming ( https://www.youtu.be/_41bkNr7eik ) - don't waste programmer cycles saving the wrong CPU cycles (or memory allocations) - bash$ time; time.Now()/time.Since(); pprof.StartCPUProfile/pprof.StopCPUProfile; go tool pprof http://.../profile - bash$ ps; runtime.ReadMemStats(); runtime.WriteHeapProfile(); go tool pprof http://.../heap - slice operations are sometimes O(n) - https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/debug/ - sync.Pool (basically) - https://methane.github.io/2015/02/reduce-allocation-in-go-code - 1. correctness is important - 2. BenchmarkXXX with b.ReportAllocs() (or -benchmem when running) - 3. allocfreetrace=1 produces stack trace on every allocation - strategies: - avoid string concat; use []byte+append() (+strconv.AppendInt(), ...) - benchcmp - avoid time.Format - avoid range when iterating strings ([]rune conversion + utf8 decoding) - can append string to []byte - write two versions, one for string, one for []byte (avoids conversion+copy (sometimes...)) - reuse existing buffers instead of creating new ones - http://bravenewgeek.com/so-you-wanna-go-fast/ - performance fast vs. delivery fast; make the right decision - lock-free ring buffer vs. channels: faster except with GOMAXPROCS=1 - defer has a cost (allocation+cpu) BenchmarkMutexDeferUnlock-8 20000000 96.6 ns/op BenchmarkMutexUnlock-8 100000000 19.5 ns/op - reflection+json - ffjson avoids reflection - msgp avoids json - interfaces have dynamic dispatch which can't be inlined - => use concrete types (+ code duplication) - heap vs. stack; escape analysis - lots of short-lived objects is expensive for the gc - sync.Pool reuses objects *between* gc runs - you need your own free list to hold onto things between gc runs (but now you're subverting the purpose of a garbage collector) - false sharing - custom lock-free data structures: fast but *hard* - "Speed comes at the cost of simplicity, at the cost of development time, and at the cost of continued maintenance. Choose wisely." - https://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2014/05/10/debugging-performance-issues-in-go-programs - http://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs - https://medium.com/%40hackintoshrao/daily-code-optimization-using-benchmarks-and-profiling-in-golang-gophercon-india-2016-talk-874c8b4dc3c5 - If you're writing benchmarks, read http://dave.cheney.net/2013/06/30/how-to-write-benchmarks-in-go - cache line explanation: http://mechanitis.blogspot.com/2011/07/dissecting-disruptor-why-its-so-fast_22.html - avoiding false sharing: http://www.drdobbs.com/parallel/eliminate-false-sharing/217500206 - how does this translate to go? http://www.catb.org/esr/structure-packing/ - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law - https://github.com/ardanlabs/gotraining/tree/master/topics/profiling - https://github.com/ardanlabs/gotraining/tree/master/topics/benchmarking - http://dave.cheney.net/2015/11/29/a-whirlwind-tour-of-gos-runtime-environment-variables - https://github.com/davecheney/high-performance-go-workshop - Mutex profile: https://rakyll.org/mutexprofile - https://segment.com/blog/allocation-efficiency-in-high-performance-go-services/ - http://brendanjryan.com/2018/01/15/go-benchmarks.html - https://lemire.me/blog/2018/01/16/microbenchmarking-calls-for-idealized-conditions/ cgo: cgo has overhead (which has only gotten more expensive over time) -- ~200 ns/call (reduced in 1.8 to <100ns; still not free) ssa backend means less difference in codegen really think if you want cgo: http://dave.cheney.net/2016/01/18/cgo-is-not-go https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhMhApWQp2E : cgo gophercon cgo performance tracking bug: https://github.com/golang/go/issues/9704 videos: https://gophervids.appspot.com/#tags=optimization -- figure out which of these are specifically worth listing "Profiling and Optimizng Go" (Uber) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3PWzBeLX2M https://go-talks.appspot.com/github.com/davecheney/presentations/writing-high-performance-go.slide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWp0N9unJFc Björn Rabenstein https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Zu0BdbhMRar7ycEwDi8jepGokTXTDXlKFf7C13tusuI/edit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuQcbqYK0BY https://go-talks.appspot.com/github.com/mkevac/golangmoscow2016/gomeetup.slide CppCon 2014: Chandler Carruth "Efficiency with Algorithms, Performance with Data Structures" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHNmRkzxHWs Performance Engineering of Software Systems http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-172-performance-engineering-of-software-systems-fall-2010/ https://talks.golang.org/2013/highperf.slide#1 Machine Architecture: Things Your Programming Language Never Told You https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7zSU9HI-6I 7 Ways to Profile Go Applications https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2h_NFBFrciI dotGo 2016 - Damian Gryski - Slices: Performance through cache-friendliness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEG4Qyo_4Bc Performance Bugs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89qiHoDjeDg The Hurricane's Butterfly: Debugging Pathologically Performing Systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AO4wz6gI3Q asm: https://golang.org/doc/asm https://goroutines.com/asm http://www.doxsey.net/blog/go-and-assembly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jpnFmJr2PE https://blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2016/peachpy/ https://blog.sgmansfield.com/2017/04/a-foray-into-go-assembly-programming/ http://lemire.me/blog/2016/12/21/performance-overhead-when-calling-assembly-from-go/ http://davidwong.fr/goasm/ minio posts + tooling posts: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.05053 (array layouts for comparison-based searching) http://grokbase.com/t/gg/golang-nuts/155ea0t5hf/go-nuts-after-set-gomaxprocs-different-machines-have-different-bahaviors-some-speed-up-some-slow-down http://grokbase.com/t/gg/golang-nuts/14138jw64s/go-nuts-concurrent-read-write-of-different-parts-of-a-slice Escape Analysis Flaws https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CxgUBPlx9iJzkz9JWkb6tIpTe5q32QDmz8l0BouG0Cw/preview https://hackernoon.com/optimizing-optimizing-some-insights-that-led-to-a-400-speedup-of-powerdns-5e1a44b58f1c http://leto.net/docs/C-optimization.php http://www.stochasticlifestyle.com/algorithm-efficiency-comes-problem-information/ tools: https://godoc.org/github.com/aclements/go-perf https://godoc.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat https://github.com/rakyll/gom https://github.com/tam7t/sigprof https://github.com/aybabtme/dpprof https://github.com/wblakecaldwell/profiler https://github.com/MiniProfiler/go https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page https://github.com/dominikh/go-structlayout http://www.brendangregg.com/perf.html https://github.com/davecheney/gcvis https://github.com/pavel-paulau/gcterm https://github.com/jonlawlor/benchls pprof: https://rakyll.org/pprof-ui/ https://rakyll.org/profiler-labels/ https://rakyll.org/custom-profiles/ trace: https://making.pusher.com/go-tool-trace/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmqDlbWk_XA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsM_m4hZ-bA https://blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2017/go-execution-tracer/ papers: https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/cpumemory.pdf https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/article/392271/aos-to-soa-optimizations-using-iterative-closest-point-mini-app.pdf optimization guides: http://developer.amd.com/resources/developer-guides-manuals/ http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.uan0015b/index.html https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/64-ia-32-architectures-optimization-manual.html https://isocpp.github.io/CppCoreGuidelines/CppCoreGuidelines.html#S-performance https://github.com/fenbf/AwesomePerfCpp https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/paulmck/perfbook/perfbook.2017.11.22a.pdf stackoverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19397699/why-struct-with-padding-fields-works-faster/19397791#19397791 https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10017026/no-speedup-in-multithread-program/10017482#10017482 practice: https://twitter.com/dgryski/status/584682584942194689 distributed system design: (out of scope for this book) http://highscalability.com/blog/2010/12/20/netflix-use-less-chatty-protocols-in-the-cloud-plus-26-fixes.html books: Writing Efficient Programs Algorithm Engineering: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642148651 http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/don-knuth/empirical-fortran.pdf Usborne: Programming Tricks and Skills https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bxv0SsvibDMTdElPMHF5NVpmU0U/view Quotes: (Bumper Sticker Computer Science) [The First Rule of Program Optimization] Don't do it. [The Second Rule of Program Optimization---For experts only] Don't do it yet. Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Systems Ltd.